本博文的主要内容有
.进程简介
.查看linux系统进程的分布结构
.查看linux系统当前,有哪些进程在运行
.对linux系统进行动态监控
.进程的创建和终止
.什么是后台进程
.什么时候使用后台进程
1、进程简介
2、系统进程信息
3、进程创建
4、进程终止
进程简介
系统启动的第一个进程是init进程,系统中的其他进程都由此进程产生并受它控制。所谓进程,被认为是一个具有独立功能的程序,在一个数据集合上的一次动态执行过程。但,需要注意,一个进程只能对应一个程序。
进程通常由3部分组成:程序、数据集合和进程控制块(PCB)。
在linux系统中,每一个进程都有一个唯一的标识符,即进程ID,简称PID。此PID是在进程启动进程启动时系统为其分配的,除了init进程外,其他进程都是系统通过调研fork()和clone()函数创建的进程。
系统进程信息
pstree 查看linux系统中进程的分布结构
出现,这种现象,是编码的问题而已。鼠标,放到会话窗口,右键,点击Session Options,
[root@weekend110 ~]# pstree
init─┬─NetworkManager
├─abrtd
├─acpid
├─atd
├─auditd───{auditd}
├─automount───4*[{automount}]
├─bonobo-activati───{bonobo-activat}
├─certmonger
├─console-kit-dae───63*[{console-kit-da}]
├─crond
├─cupsd
├─2*[dbus-daemon───{dbus-daemon}]
├─dbus-launch
├─devkit-power-da
├─gconfd-2
├─gdm-binary─┬─gdm-simple-slav─┬─Xorg
│ │ ├─gdm-session-wor
│ │ ├─gnome-session─┬─at-spi-registry
│ │ │ ├─gdm-simple-gree
│ │ │ ├─gnome-power-man
│ │ │ ├─metacity
│ │ │ ├─plymouth-log-vi
│ │ │ ├─polkit-gnome-au
│ │ │ └─{gnome-session}
│ │ └─{gdm-simple-sla}
│ └─{gdm-binary}
├─gnome-settings-───{gnome-settings}
├─gvfsd
├─hald─┬─hald-runner─┬─hald-addon-acpi
│ │ └─hald-addon-inpu
│ └─{hald}
├─master─┬─pickup
│ └─qmgr
├─5*[mingetty]
├─modem-manager
├─polkitd
├─pulseaudio───2*[{pulseaudio}]
├─rpc.statd
├─rpcbind
├─rsyslogd───3*[{rsyslogd}]
├─rtkit-daemon───2*[{rtkit-daemon}]
├─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree
├─udevd───2*[udevd]
└─wpa_supplicant
[root@weekend110 ~]#
由此可见,进程是逐级创建的,因此其显得像一颗倒立的树,树最顶层的进程是init进程,即根进程。
在命令后加上“&” 使进程后台运行
ps 查看linux系统中当前哪些进程在运行
每行字段为一行。
以1848 pts/0 00:00:00 bash为例
1848是PID,即进程ID。
pts/0为该进程所使用的终端号
00:00:00是该进程运行时占用CPU的时间
bash是为启动该进程的命令,其中bash是登录系统后执行的第一条命令,而ps则是在输入ps时所执行的命令。
[root@weekend110 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
1848 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
1893 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
[root@weekend110 ~]#
以root 1 0 0 09:10 ? 00:00:03 /sbin/init为例
root 是UID,即运行该进程的用户
1是PID,即进程ID
0是PPID,即父进程ID
0是C,即执行该进程时CPU调度的情况
09:10是STIME,该进程的启动时间
?是TTY,所使用的虚拟终端号
00:00:03是TIME,是进程所使用的CPU时间
/sbin/init是CMD,是启动该进程的命令
[root@weekend110 ~]# ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 09:10 ? 00:00:03 /sbin/init
root 2 0 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0]
root 4 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 5 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0]
root 6 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [watchdog/0]
root 7 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:01 [events/0]
root 8 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [cgroup]
root 9 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khelper]
root 10 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [netns]
root 11 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [async/mgr]
root 12 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [pm]
root 13 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [sync_supers]
root 14 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [bdi-default]
root 15 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kintegrityd/0]
root 16 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/0]
root 17 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kacpid]
root 18 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kacpi_notify]
root 19 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kacpi_hotplug]
root 20 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ata_aux]
root 21 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ata_sff/0]
root 22 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
root 23 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khubd]
root 24 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kseriod]
root 25 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [md/0]
root 26 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [md_misc/0]
root 27 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [linkwatch]
root 28 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khungtaskd]
root 29 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kswapd0]
root 30 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ksmd]
root 31 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khugepaged]
root 32 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [aio/0]
root 33 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [crypto/0]
root 38 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kthrotld/0]
root 39 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [pciehpd]
root 41 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kpsmoused]
root 42 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [usbhid_resumer]
root 72 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kstriped]
root 147 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [scsi_eh_0]
root 148 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [scsi_eh_1]
root 155 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [mpt_poll_0]
root 156 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [mpt/0]
root 157 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [scsi_eh_2]
root 279 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [flush-8:0]
root 285 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [jbd2/sda5-8]
root 286 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 376 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:01 /sbin/udevd -d
root 716 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [vmmemctl]
root 915 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [jbd2/sda1-8]
root 916 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 917 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [jbd2/sda2-8]
root 918 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 1010 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kauditd]
root 1212 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 auditd
root 1237 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 /sbin/rsyslogd -i /var/run/syslogd.pid -c 5
rpc 1280 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 rpcbind
dbus 1295 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 dbus-daemon –system
root 1306 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 NetworkManager –pid-file=/var/run/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.pid
root 1312 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/modem-manager
rpcuser 1325 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 rpc.statd
root 1380 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -B -u -f /var/l
root 1381 1 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 cupsd -C /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
root 1398 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/acpid
68 1407 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 hald
root 1408 1407 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 hald-runner
root 1450 1408 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 hald-addon-input: Listening on /dev/input/event2 /dev/input/event0
68 1461 1408 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket
root 1481 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 automount –pid-file /var/run/autofs.pid
root 1506 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
root 1586 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/postfix/master
postfix 1594 1586 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u
postfix 1595 1586 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
root 1610 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/abrtd
root 1618 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:03 crond
root 1629 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/atd
root 1641 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/certmonger -S -p /var/run/certmonger.pid
root 1649 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/gdm-binary -nodaemon
root 1654 1 0 09:11 tty2 00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2
root 1656 1 0 09:11 tty3 00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty3
root 1658 1 0 09:11 tty4 00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty4
root 1660 1 0 09:11 tty5 00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty5
root 1668 1 0 09:11 tty6 00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
root 1669 376 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /sbin/udevd -d
root 1670 376 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /sbin/udevd -d
root 1685 1649 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/gdm-simple-slave –display-id /org/gnome/DisplayManager/Display1 –for
root 1688 1685 0 09:11 tty1 00:00:03 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -nr -verbose -audit 4 -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-OMcqii/datab
root 1704 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon –no-daemon
gdm 1774 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/dbus-launch –exit-with-session
gdm 1775 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon –fork –print-pid 5 –print-address 7 –session
gdm 1777 1685 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/gnome-session –autostart=/usr/share/gdm/autostart/LoginWindow/
root 1780 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/devkit-power-daemon
gdm 1784 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/gconfd-2
root 1797 1506 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/0
gdm 1801 1777 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/at-spi-registryd
gdm 1805 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:01 /usr/libexec/gnome-settings-daemon –gconf-prefix=/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/settings
gdm 1807 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/bonobo-activation-server –ac-activate –ior-output-fd=12
gdm 1816 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd
gdm 1817 1777 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 metacity
gdm 1818 1777 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/polkit-gnome-authentication-agent-1
gdm 1819 1777 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 plymouth-log-viewer –icon
gdm 1820 1777 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 gnome-power-manager
gdm 1821 1777 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/gdm-simple-greeter
root 1824 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/polkit-1/polkitd
gdm 1833 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:04 /usr/bin/pulseaudio –start –log-target=syslog
rtkit 1835 1 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/rtkit-daemon
root 1842 1685 0 09:11 ? 00:00:00 pam: gdm-password
root 1848 1797 0 09:12 pts/0 00:00:00 -bash
root 1957 1848 0 09:26 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -ef
[root@weekend110 ~]#
ps -ef | more 更直观,利用管道传送到more中显示,使用空格键查看下一页,按q键或ctrl +c 退出
[root@weekend110 ~]# ps -ef | more
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 09:10 ? 00:00:03 /sbin/init
root 2 0 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0]
root 4 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 5 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0]
root 6 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [watchdog/0]
root 7 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:01 [events/0]
root 8 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [cgroup]
root 9 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khelper]
root 10 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [netns]
root 11 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [async/mgr]
root 12 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [pm]
root 13 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [sync_supers]
root 14 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [bdi-default]
root 15 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kintegrityd/0]
root 16 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/0]
root 17 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kacpid]
root 18 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kacpi_notify]
root 19 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kacpi_hotplug]
root 20 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ata_aux]
root 21 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ata_sff/0]
root 22 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
root 23 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khubd]
root 24 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kseriod]
root 25 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [md/0]
root 26 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [md_misc/0]
root 27 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [linkwatch]
root 28 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khungtaskd]
root 29 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kswapd0]
root 30 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [ksmd]
root 31 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [khugepaged]
root 32 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [aio/0]
root 33 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [crypto/0]
root 38 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [kthrotld/0]
root 39 2 0 09:10 ? 00:00:00 [pciehpd]
–More–
ps nux 查看linux系统中所有进程的资源使用情况
以root 1 0.2 0.0 19356 1540 ? Ss 09:10 0:03 /sbin/init为例
root是USER,是运行该进程的用户
0.2是%CPU,是运行该进程时CPU的使用率
0.0是%MEM,是运行进程时内存的使用率
19356是VSZ,是进程占用虚拟内存的大小
Ss是STAT,是进程的状态,S表示睡眠,R表示在运行
09:10是START,是进程的启动时间
/sbin/init是COMMAND,是启动进程的命令
[root@weekend110 ~]# ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.2 0.0 19356 1540 ? Ss 09:10 0:03 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [migration/0]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [migration/0]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [watchdog/0]
root 7 0.1 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:02 [events/0]
root 8 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [cgroup]
root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [khelper]
root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [netns]
root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [async/mgr]
root 12 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [pm]
root 13 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [sync_supers]
root 14 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [bdi-default]
root 15 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kintegrityd/0]
root 16 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kblockd/0]
root 17 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kacpid]
root 18 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kacpi_notify]
root 19 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kacpi_hotplug]
root 20 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ata_aux]
root 21 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ata_sff/0]
root 22 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
root 23 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [khubd]
root 24 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kseriod]
root 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [md/0]
root 26 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [md_misc/0]
root 27 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [linkwatch]
root 28 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [khungtaskd]
root 29 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kswapd0]
root 30 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 09:10 0:00 [ksmd]
root 31 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 09:10 0:00 [khugepaged]
root 32 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [aio/0]
root 33 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [crypto/0]
root 38 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kthrotld/0]
root 39 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [pciehpd]
root 41 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kpsmoused]
root 42 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [usbhid_resumer]
root 72 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kstriped]
root 147 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
root 148 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
root 155 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [mpt_poll_0]
root 156 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [mpt/0]
root 157 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
root 279 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [flush-8:0]
root 285 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [jbd2/sda5-8]
root 286 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 376 0.1 0.0 11616 1716 ? S<s 09:10 0:01 /sbin/udevd -d
root 716 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [vmmemctl]
root 915 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [jbd2/sda1-8]
root 916 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 917 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [jbd2/sda2-8]
root 918 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 1010 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 09:10 0:00 [kauditd]
root 1212 0.0 0.0 27640 840 ? S<sl 09:10 0:00 auditd
root 1237 0.0 0.0 251200 1684 ? Sl 09:10 0:00 /sbin/rsyslogd -i /var/run/syslogd.pid -c 5
rpc 1280 0.0 0.0 18976 904 ? Ss 09:10 0:00 rpcbind
dbus 1295 0.0 0.0 32076 1632 ? Ssl 09:10 0:00 dbus-daemon –system
root 1306 0.0 0.2 82740 4440 ? Ss 09:10 0:00 NetworkManager –pid-file=/var/run/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.pi
root 1312 0.0 0.1 58064 2464 ? S 09:10 0:00 /usr/sbin/modem-manager
rpcuser 1325 0.0 0.0 23348 1372 ? Ss 09:10 0:00 rpc.statd
root 1380 0.0 0.0 44968 696 ? Ss 09:10 0:00 /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
root 1381 0.0 0.1 188872 3340 ? Ss 09:10 0:00 cupsd -C /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
root 1398 0.0 0.0 4080 664 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/acpid
68 1407 0.0 0.2 39000 5336 ? Ssl 09:11 0:00 hald
root 1408 0.0 0.0 20328 1196 ? S 09:11 0:00 hald-runner
root 1450 0.0 0.0 22448 1096 ? S 09:11 0:00 hald-addon-input: Listening on /dev/input/event2 /dev/input/event0
68 1461 0.0 0.0 17936 1048 ? S 09:11 0:00 hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket
root 1481 0.0 0.0 385728 1784 ? Ssl 09:11 0:00 automount –pid-file /var/run/autofs.pid
root 1506 0.0 0.0 66140 1248 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
root 1586 0.0 0.1 80808 3396 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/postfix/master
postfix 1594 0.0 0.1 80888 3380 ? S 09:11 0:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u
postfix 1595 0.0 0.1 80956 3420 ? S 09:11 0:00 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
root 1610 0.0 0.0 110328 956 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/abrtd
root 1618 0.2 0.0 116840 1388 ? Ss 09:11 0:03 crond
root 1629 0.0 0.0 21076 492 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/atd
root 1641 0.0 0.0 61864 616 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/certmonger -S -p /var/run/certmonger.pid
root 1649 0.0 0.1 133944 2188 ? Ssl 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm-binary -nodaemon
root 1654 0.0 0.0 4064 540 tty2 Ss+ 09:11 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2
root 1656 0.0 0.0 4064 544 tty3 Ss+ 09:11 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty3
root 1658 0.0 0.0 4064 544 tty4 Ss+ 09:11 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty4
root 1660 0.0 0.0 4064 544 tty5 Ss+ 09:11 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty5
root 1668 0.0 0.0 4064 540 tty6 Ss+ 09:11 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
root 1669 0.0 0.1 12536 2812 ? S< 09:11 0:00 /sbin/udevd -d
root 1670 0.0 0.1 12536 2812 ? S< 09:11 0:00 /sbin/udevd -d
root 1685 0.0 0.1 164576 3056 ? Sl 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/gdm-simple-slave –display-id /org/gnome/DisplayManage
root 1688 0.2 1.1 151336 22768 tty1 Ss+ 09:11 0:03 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -nr -verbose -audit 4 -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-
root 1704 0.0 0.1 577596 3256 ? Sl 09:11 0:00 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon –no-daemon
gdm 1774 0.0 0.0 20040 656 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-launch –exit-with-session
gdm 1775 0.0 0.0 31776 1288 ? Ssl 09:11 0:00 /bin/dbus-daemon –fork –print-pid 5 –print-address 7 –session
gdm 1777 0.0 0.4 268844 7880 ? Ssl 09:11 0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-session –autostart=/usr/share/gdm/autostart/LoginWi
root 1780 0.0 0.1 49876 2704 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/devkit-power-daemon
gdm 1784 0.0 0.2 133480 5528 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/gconfd-2
root 1797 0.0 0.2 99872 4000 ? Ss 09:11 0:00 sshd: root@pts/0
gdm 1801 0.0 0.2 120392 4440 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/at-spi-registryd
gdm 1805 0.1 0.6 356620 12740 ? Ssl 09:11 0:01 /usr/libexec/gnome-settings-daemon –gconf-prefix=/apps/gdm/simple-
gdm 1807 0.0 0.1 368768 3012 ? Ssl 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/bonobo-activation-server –ac-activate –ior-output-fd
gdm 1816 0.0 0.0 135180 1896 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd
gdm 1817 0.0 0.5 294708 9912 ? S 09:11 0:00 metacity
gdm 1818 0.0 0.3 247964 7388 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/polkit-gnome-authentication-agent-1
gdm 1819 0.0 0.6 295284 12264 ? S 09:11 0:00 plymouth-log-viewer –icon
gdm 1820 0.0 0.4 273400 8652 ? S 09:11 0:00 gnome-power-manager
gdm 1821 0.0 0.8 390244 15772 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/gdm-simple-greeter
root 1824 0.0 0.2 52580 4196 ? S 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/polkit-1/polkitd
gdm 1833 0.3 0.2 427152 4180 ? S<sl 09:11 0:04 /usr/bin/pulseaudio –start –log-target=syslog
rtkit 1835 0.0 0.0 168456 1200 ? SNl 09:11 0:00 /usr/libexec/rtkit-daemon
root 1842 0.0 0.1 141648 2076 ? S 09:11 0:00 pam: gdm-password
root 1848 0.0 0.0 108344 1792 pts/0 Ss 09:12 0:00 -bash
root 1975 3.0 0.0 110248 1140 pts/0 R+ 09:32 0:00 ps aux
[root@weekend110 ~]#
top 对linux系统进行动态监控,按q键或ctrl +c 退出
以top – 09:39:26 up 29 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00为例
top – 09:39:26 up 29 min,说的是top命令在09:39:26启动,并持续29min
1 user,说的是系统中共有一个用户在登录
load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00,说的是系统负载的平均值
以Tasks: 108 total, 1 running, 107 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie为例
108total,是结果显示系统中共有108个进程,目前只有1个进程正在运行,有107个进程处于睡眠状态,没有进程被终止,没有进程被僵死。
以Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni,100.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st为例
top显示运行在用户模式和内核模式的进程(ni)所占的CPU百分比,以及在系统空间(id)时所占的CPU空间时间百分比,wa(iowait)表示没有进程在CPU上运行时处理器等待I/O完成的时间百分比,hi和si表示硬件与软件中断所花费的CPU时间的百分比。
以Mem: 1906552k total, 303492k used, 1603060k free, 25744k buffers为例。这里显示是系统物理内存的使用情况
依次表示系统的总内存,已使用的内存、空闲的内存、缓冲区使用的内存
Swap: 3128464k total, 0k used, 3128464k free, 99456k cached。这里显示是系统交换分区的信息
依次表示交换分区的总量、使用量、空闲和用于内核缓存的内存量
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 。这里显示是系统进程信息
NI表示进程的优先级,SHR表示进程使用的共享内存的数量,TIME+表示自进程启动以来所使用的CPU时间量
[root@weekend110 ~]# top
top – 09:39:26 up 29 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tasks: 108 total, 1 running, 107 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni,100.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 1906552k total, 303492k used, 1603060k free, 25744k buffers
Swap: 3128464k total, 0k used, 3128464k free, 99456k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
1987 root 20 0 15036 1224 944 R 0.3 0.1 0:00.29 top
1 root 20 0 19356 1540 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:03.31 init
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd
3 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 ksoftirqd/0
5 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
6 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 watchdog/0
7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.67 events/0
8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cgroup
9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 khelper
10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns
11 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 async/mgr
12 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pm
其实,除了,使用命令来监控linux系统的进程外,自带了一个图形系统监控工具。即System Monitor。在终端上输入gnome-system-monitor或Applications->System Tools->System Monitor。类似于windows系统的任务管理器。
[root@weekend110 ~]gnome -system-monitor
或者
进程创建和终止
对于Linux系统啊,只要输入一条指令并执行该指令,就开启了一个新的进程。可以在指令后面使用“&”来开启一个后台进程。
什么是后台进程?
所谓后台进程,就是进程在运行后并未显示进程执行的过程,且直接返回终端提示符、不占用终端窗口的进程。
什么时候用后台进程?
当执行一个比较耗时的进程且不需要用户进程交互时,可以考虑选择在后台进程该进程。
[root@weekend110 ~]# top &
[1] 2493
[root@weekend110 ~]# ^C
[1]+ Stopped top
[root@weekend110 ~]#
进程的终止,使用kill命令将其终止,而在使用kill之前,需要知道该进程ID,即PID,可以使用ps命令。
如下,演示
[root@weekend110 ~]# man ls 运行man命令
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls – list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]… [FILE]…
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of
-cftuvSUX nor –sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, –all
do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, –almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
–author
[root@weekend110 ~]# pgrep -l man 使用pgrep来获取处于运行状态的man命令的PID
2542 man
kill -1 挂起
kill -2 终端
kill -9 终止
kill -15 终止
kill -19 暂停
也可,在图形界面里,对进程的终止。