一、概念
在企业中，数据库高可用一直是企业的重中之重，中小企业很多都是使用mysql主从方案，一主多从，读写分离等，但是单主存在单点故障，从库切换成主库需要作改动。因此，如果是双主或者多主，就会增加mysql入口，增加高可用。不过多主需要考虑自增长ID问题，这个需要特别设置配置文件，比如双主，可以使用奇偶，总之，主之间设置自增长ID相互不冲突就能完美解决自增长ID冲突问题。
单点故障解决方案：
主主架构：
互为主备，互相监控对方二进制日志文件进行同步
note：当两个sql语句发生冲突的时候主主架构有可能出现数据不一致的现象；
MHAmaster high availability)：
HMA可以有多个配置文件，一个配置文件监控一个主从架构
二、主主架构思路
1、两台mysql都可读可写，互为主备，默认只使用一台（masterA）负责数据的写入，另一台（masterB）备用；
2、masterA是masterB的主库，masterB又是masterA的主库，它们互为主从；
3、两台主库之间做高可用，可以采用keepalived等方案（使用VIP对外提供服务）；
4、所有提供服务的从服务器与masterB进行主从同步（双主多从）;
5、建议采用高可用策略的时候，masterA或masterB均不因宕机恢复后而抢占VIP（非抢占模式）；
三、演示步骤
环境（主1服务器端IP：192.168.11.7；主2服务器端IP：192.168.11.8）
1、修改配置文件，配置服务器编号，开启bin-log
[root@bi7 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf [mysqld] datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock server-id=7 log_bin=mysql-bin binlog_format=row relay-log=relay-mysql relay-log-index=relay-mysql.index log_slave_updates=on auto-increment-increment=2 auto-increment-offset=1
[root@bi8 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf [mysqld] datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock server-id=8 log_bin=mysql-bin binlog_format=row relay-log=relay-mysql relay-log-index=relay-mysql.index log_slave_updates=on auto-increment-increment=2 auto-increment-offset=2
2、重启mysql服务（两台主机）
systemctl restart mariadb ss -tnl |grep 3306
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
3、创建复制用的用户（两台主机）
[root@bi8 ~]# mysql -uroot -proot Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MariaDB connection id is 9 Server version: 10.2.26-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the curbit input statement. MariaDB [none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'master'@'%' identified by '123'; Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.00 sec)
4、（若第一次同步可忽略此步骤）这里可以清空两台主机的master和slave日志（若之前有开启过同步的，需要先停止同步：stop slave;）
在mysql命令行中输入：
reset master;
reset slave;
5、查看二进制日志文件的位置
--主1
MariaDB [none)]> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 1087 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set 0.00 sec)
--主2
MariaDB [none)]> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 520 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set 0.00 sec)
6、为防止配置同步的同时又数据写入，可给数据库加读锁（两台主机）：
MariaDB [none)]> flush tables with read lock; Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.00 sec)
7、两台服务器互相连接
--主1连接主2 MariaDB [none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.11.8',master_user='master',master_password='123',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=520; Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.01 sec) --主2连接主1 MariaDB [none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.11.7',master_user='master',master_password='123',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=1087; Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.05 sec)
8、启动slave（两台主机）
MariaDB [none)]> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.01 sec)
9、检查连接状态（两台主机）
MariaDB [none)]> show slave statusG;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Connecting to master
Master_Host: 192.168.11.7
Master_User: master
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1087
Relay_Log_File: relay-mysql.000001
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Connecting
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1087
Relay_Log_Space: 256
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 2003
Last_IO_Error: error connecting to master 'master@192.168.11.7:3306' - retry-time: 60 maximum-retries: 86400 message: Can't connect to MySQL server on '192.168.11.7' 113 "No route to host")
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 0
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Using_Gtid: No
Gtid_IO_Pos:
Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids:
Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids:
Parallel_Mode: conservative
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it
1 row in set 0.00 sec)
10、添加防火墙规则
[root@bi7 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp success [root@bi7 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent success [root@bi8 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp success [root@bi8 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent success
11、再次检查连接状态（两台主机）
MariaDB [none)]> show slave statusG;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.11.8
Master_User: master
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 520
Relay_Log_File: relay-mysql.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 555
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 520
Relay_Log_Space: 860
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 8
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Using_Gtid: No
Gtid_IO_Pos:
Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids:
Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids:
Parallel_Mode: conservative
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it
1 row in set 0.00 sec)
12、测试
--解锁（两台主机）
MariaDB [none)]> unlock tables; Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.00 sec)
--查看主1的原本数据库
MariaDB [none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | bi | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set 0.00 sec) --在主1上创建新库yang MariaDB [none)]> create database if not exists yang default character set utf8; Query OK, 1 row affected 0.00 sec)
--查看主2是否有新建的数据库
MariaDB [none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | yang | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set 0.10 sec)
--使用yang数据库 MariaDB [none)]> use yang; Database changed
--在主2上创建新表hello，并插入一条数据 MariaDB [yang]> create table helloid tinyint unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,name varchar20)); Query OK, 0 rows affected 0.03 sec) MariaDB [yang]> insert into hello values0,'李国祥'); Query OK, 1 row affected 0.00 sec) MariaDB [yang]> select * from hello; +----+-----------+ | id | name | +----+-----------+ | 2 | 李国祥 | +----+-----------+ 1 row in set 0.00 sec)
--查看主1是否新插入的数据
MariaDB [none)]> use yang; Database changed MariaDB [yang]> select * from hello; +----+-----------+ | id | name | +----+-----------+ | 2 | 李国祥 | +----+-----------+ 1 row in set 0.01 sec)